Most weight gain occurred within three months. A meta-analysis found mean weight gain was 4.8 kg at one year, although there was a lot of variation between individuals, with 13% of quitters gaining >10 kg ( Aubin, Farley, Lycett, Lahmek, & Aveyard, 2012). There is strong evidence that many people who successfully stop smoking gain weight. One analysis has suggested that up to 14% of the rise in obesity rates in the USA, for instance, could be attributable to the drop in smoking over the same period ( Courtemanche, Pinkston, Ruhm, & Wehby, 2016). As smoking rates have declined in many countries in recent years, obesity rates have risen. Smokers are therefore, in general, lighter than non-smokers. ![]() The behavioural aspects to smoking (hand to mouth action, opening cigarettes, putting cigarettes in the mouth and time taken by smoking) fill time and provide distraction that may influence food consumption ( Glover, Breier, & Bauld, 2017) although evidence from low nicotine cigarettes and comparisons between inhalator and patch tend to go against this assumption ( West et al., 2001 West, Russell, Jarvis, & Feyerabend, 1984). ![]() ![]() Smoking causes lower body mass index (BMI) ( Winsløw, Rode, & Nordestgaard, 2015) probably because of the anorexic effect of nicotine.
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